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Operation Cobra in World War II

Operation Cobra in World War II Operation Cobra was conducted from July 25 to 31, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). After the Allied landings in Normandy, commanders began to formulate a plan to push out from the beachhead. Initial efforts were hampered by the need to take the city of Caen in the east and the dense hedgerow country in the west. Seeking to launch a major breakout, General Omar Bradley sought to focus the Allies efforts on a narrow front west of St. Là ´. Moving forward on July 25 after the area had been heavy bombed, American troops achieved a breakthrough. By the third day, most organized German resistance had been overcome and the speed of the advance increased. Coupled with assaults by British and Canadian forces, Operation Cobra led to the collapse of the German position in Normandy. Background Landing in Normandy on D-Day (June 6, 1944), Allied forces quickly consolidated their foothold in France. Pushing inland, American forces in the west encountered difficulty negotiating the bocage of Normandy. Hampered by this vast network of hedgerows, their advance was slow. As June passed, their greatest successes came on the Cotentin Peninsula where troops secured the key port of Cherbourg. To the east, British and Canadian forces fared little better as they sought to capture the city of Caen. Grappling with the Germans, the Allied efforts around the city succeeded drawing the bulk of the enemy armor to that sector (Map). Eager to break the deadlock and begin mobile warfare, Allied leaders began planning for a breakout from the Normandy beachhead. On July 10, following the capture of the northern part of Caen, the commander of the 21st Army Group, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, met with General Omar Bradley, commander of the US First Army, and Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey, commander of the British Second Army, to discuss their options. Admitting progress was slow on his front, Bradley put forward a breakout plan dubbed Operation Cobra which he hoped to launch on July 18. Lt. Gen. Omar Bradley (center) with Lt. General George S. Patton (left) and General Sir Bernard Montgomery (right) at 21st Army Group HQ, Normandy, 7 July 1944. Public Domain Planning Calling for a massive offensive to the west of Saint-Là ´, Operation Cobra was approved by Montgomery who also directed Dempsey to keep pressing around Caen to hold the German armor in place. To create the breakthrough, Bradley intended to focus the advance on a 7,000 yard stretch of the front south of the Saint-Là ´Ã¢â‚¬â€œPeriers Road. Prior to the attack an area measuring 6,000 Ãâ€" 2,200 yards would be subjected to heavy aerial bombardment. With the conclusion of the air strikes, the 9th and 30th Infantry Divisions from Major General J. Lawton Collins VII Corps would move forward opening a breach in the German lines. These units would then hold the flanks while the 1st Infantry and 2nd Armored Divisions drove through the gap. They were to be followed by a five or six division exploitation force. If successful, Operation Cobra would allow American forces to escape the bocage and cut off the Brittany peninsula. To support Operation Cobra, Dempsey commenced Operations Goodwood and Atlantic on July 18. Though these took substantial casualties, they succeeded in capturing the remainder of Caen and forced the Germans to retain seven of the nine panzer divisions in Normandy opposite the British. Armies Commanders Allies Field Marshal Bernard MontgomeryGeneral Omar Bradley11 divisions Germans Field Marshal Gunther von KlugeColonel General Paul Hausser8 divisions Moving Forward Though the British operations commenced on July 18, Bradley elected to delay several days due to poor weather over the battlefield. On July 24, Allied aircraft began striking the target area despite questionable weather. As a result, they accidentally inflicted around 150 friendly fire casualties. Operation Cobra finally moved forward the next morning with over 3,000 aircraft striking the front. Friendly fire continued to be an issue as the attacks inflicted a further 600 friendly fire casualties as well as killed Lieutenant General Leslie McNair (Map). Advancing around 11:00 AM, Lawtons men were slowed by surprisingly stiff German resistance and numerous strong points. Though they gained only 2,200 yards on July 25, the mood in the Allied high command remained optimistic and the 2nd Armored and 1st Infantry Divisions joined the assault the next day. They were further supported by VIII Corps which began attacking German positions to the west. Fighting remained heavy on the 26th but began to wane on the 27th as German forces began retreating in the face of the Allied advance (Map). Breaking Out Driving south, German resistance was scattered and American troops captured Coutances on July 28 though they endured heavy fighting east of the town. Seeking to stabilize the situation, the German commander, Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge, began directing reinforcements west. These were intercepted by XIX Corps which had begun advancing on VII Corps left. Encountering the 2nd and 116th Panzer Divisions, XIX Corps became embroiled in heavy combat, but succeeded in shielding the American advance to the west. German efforts were repeatedly frustrated by Allied fighter bombers which swarmed over the area. U.S. tanks pass through a wrecked street in Coutances, Normandy in their drive to the sea beyond the town. National Archives and Records Admininstration With the Americans advancing along the coast, Montgomery directed Dempsey to begin Operation Bluecoat which called for an advance from Caumont towards Vire. With this he sought to hold German armor in the east while protecting Cobras flank. As British forces rolled forward, American troops captured the key town of Avranches which opened the way into Brittany. The next day, XIX Corps succeeded in turning back the last German counterattacks against the American advance. Pressing south, Bradleys men finally succeeded in escaping the bocage and began to drive the Germans before them. Aftermath As Allied troops were enjoying success, changes took place in command structure. With the activation of Lieutenant General George S. Pattons Third Army, Bradley ascended to take over the newly-formed 12th Army Group. Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of First Army. Entering combat, Third Army poured into Brittany as the Germans attempted to regroup. Though the German command saw no other sensible course than to withdraw behind the Seine, they were ordered to conduct a large counterattack at Mortain by Adolf Hitler. Dubbed Operation Luttich, the attack began on August 7 and was largely defeated within twenty-four hours (Map). Sweeping east, American troops captured Le Mans on August 8. With his position in Normandy collapsing rapidly, Kluges Seventh and Fifth Panzer Armies risked being trapped near Falaise. Beginning on August 14, Allied forces sought to close the Falaise Pocket and destroy the German Army in France. Though nearly 100,000 Germans escaped the pocket before it was closed on August 22, around 50,000 were captured and 10,000 killed. In addition, 344 tanks and armored vehicles, 2,447 trucks/vehicles, and 252 artillery pieces were captured or destroyed. Having won the Battle of Normandy, Allied forces advanced freely to the Seine River reaching it on August 25.

MVV-Mission, Vision, and Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MVV-Mission, Vision, and Values - Essay Example On its corporate website, Starbucks Company clearly states its mission, â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time† (‘Company Information,’ 2015). Concerning its values, company cares of creating specific culture, changing the world, being open to the external environment and offering its best products (‘Our Company’, 2015). Finally, vision of Starbucks to date is to â€Å"elevate our partners, customers, suppliers and neighbors to create positive change. To be innovators, leaders and contributors to an inclusive society and a healthy environment so that Starbucks and everyone we touch can endure and thrive† (‘Being a Responsible Company’, 2015). Secondly, Caribou Coffee is younger, because its story starts from 1990. The corporate website does not write a lot about the contribution of people but talks more about â€Å"breathtaking panoramic view† as the real founder of the company (‘Out story’, 2015). In addition, Caribou has different term for its vision as â€Å"aspiration† to be â€Å"The Community Place I love† and replaces mission with commitment â€Å"to sharing an Extraordinary Experience that Feeds the Soul† (‘Our Culture’, 2015). Finally, it describes its core values by referring to the guests, community, team members, and own uniqueness (‘Our Culture’, 2015). Thirdly, Canada-based popular Tim Hortons Company has the most long-term history among the analyzed coffee houses. Since 1964, Tim Horton and Ron Joyce became the co-owners and steadily turned Tim Hortons into franchise operating in both USA and Canada. Corporate website presents its mission statement as follows, â€Å"Our guiding mission is to deliver superior quality products and services for our guests and communities through leadership, innovation and partnerships† (‘Company facts’, 2015). Based on this, vision of the company is short, â€Å"to be the quality

British Land Company and Shell Petroleum Development Company of Essay

British Land Company and Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria - Essay Example position of the quoted property shares with the key ingredients for stronger performance, hinging on enhancing the level of performance, intensity of the business and accessibilities. Further as REIT, the company does not need to pay any property taxes on the profits and gains from the property business. However, it is necessary for 90% of the income from the exempted business needs to be distributed to shareholders. (British Land. 2007). Being one of the largest property management companies today, with assets under management in excess of  £18 billion and a market capitalisation of some  £5.8 billion, British Land invests primarily in UK property. The focus is on actively managing, financing and developing prime commercial property to create the environment in which modern business can thrive. Following the company’s takeover of Pillar Property PLC in summer 2005, the it is now manager/adviser to, and investor in, a number of offshore unit trusts with total assets of some  £3 billion. (British Land Company Plc. 2006). The regime allows the companies to be free of income tax and capital gains tax by release of just a one time payment. The tax problems the property companies have to undergo are in the context of the double taxation – there is a tax element at the time of rental income and profits, and again, at the time of disbursing dividends to the shareholders. In order to qualify for tax exemption, the company has to be a UK resident company, it has to be a close ended domestic company and should be listed with the Stock Exchanges. Also, it should have primarily two classes of shares, equity and non participating preferential share capital. The other governing conditions are in terms of the fact that it needs to have a minimum of 3 separate rental property of any kind, the valuation of any single property should constitute more than 40% of the total valuation and the company should be in a position to disburse at least 90% of its untaxed incomes as

Review of the movie Missing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of the Missing - Movie Review Example Alternatively, the film also demonstrates the relationship between Horman’s father Ed Horman (Lemmon) who is an American and Horman’s wife (Spacek). At the beginning, Lemmon blames Charles for his radical political views that resulted in his disappearance. However, he later on changes his mind thinking that there is a possibility of the Government being heavily involved with the disappearance of Charles or possibly his death. There is also the possibility that Charles the young American would have been on the informal hit list that involves foreign journalists taken away and probably killed. It is also claimed that the American embassy officials were aware of his fate and were even involved in approving Charles death. A drama film, which is set in Chile at a time when the nation is experiencing civil war, the film generally concerns some of the actions in which the United States government takes to gain more popularity. Generally, Missing focuses mainly on power from its actual life basis. Alternatively, Missing is a straightforward film that has an extensive deal that imparts on the United States behaviors in foreign countries especially in its operations. The theme in this case revolves around the United States on foreign land. Alternatively, the film demonstrates how the United States works in sustaining its operations in foreign nations and yet its own citizens decry the nation’s secret operations especially when the public are aware of these events. From the film drama, it is quite evident that the United States operates like a two-edged sword whereby the United States citizen’s priorities tend to shift especially when matters become personal. Ed Horman who is Charles father de monstrates this aspect. Edward and Mildred Lewis uses the characters in this film in such a way that they effectively bring out some of the true events that once happened during the civil war year. The characters are

Death Rituals In American And Egyptian Society

Death Rituals In American And Egyptian Society The term burial refers to the practice of disposing of dead bodies or remains of the dead. Though there are other ways of disposing of dead bodies as practiced by people following different religions, the term burial particularly means the act of placing a body into the dug into the ground. Once the digging has been done, the body is placed inside, followed by the replacement grave of the soil to fill the hollow again. Though the term burial may refer to burying of any object or body, it usually refers to the burial of the body of dead person. It is sometimes also used for the placement of a body into a tomb. Burial of dead bodies prevents the release of stink as a result of gases discharged by bacterial putrefaction after a body starts to decompose (Bodiford, 1992). History tells us that burial is an old custom and the first instances in history are found during the Paleolithic period in European caves. Research method The approach used for data collection relied on both secondary and primary sources. Data were gathered according to two complementary techniques: * Documentary research and * Personal interviews With respect to documentary research, the internet served as the primary tool for research. Relevant journals, articles and books provided the information. For more scholarly sources online libraries and research databases such as Emerald and Ebsco were used. Personal interviews were conducted from a number of local residents from different areas selected randomly. The majority of these interviews were personally conducted at or outside their residences; a few however were interviewed on the phone. Informal, conversational interviews were taken where Death and Burial Rituals were discussed. In most of the cases no predetermined questions were asked. This strategy kept the discussions open and adaptable. Almost all the interviewees discussed how they have seen changes in these rituals with passage of time. They also shared their personal experiences. Introduction Many communities all over the world bury their dead in keeping with their religious beliefs and social customs. Usually the body is carefully handled and buried with respect. In some cultures it is believed that the physical remains continue to be important to the person who has passed into the next world. In other cultures, a ceremonial burning frees the spirit to go up to its new abode in the next world. Many variations in the burial customs are found especially in early Asian communities. Though, burial usually refers to burying in ground, history tells that amongst the Vikings water burials were common. Later, they started to burn the bodies followed by scattering the ashes in water (Wahl, 1961). In India, outdoor funeral pyres were common by the side of rivers and the ashes were frequently thrown into the holy Ganges River. Nonetheless, these customs are transitory and have changed to a great extent over time. As societies have evolved, their ways of burying their dead and grave markings evolve too only to provide an interesting area to be studied by archeologists of the future generations. This essay aims at comparing and contrasting the death and burial rituals of the contemporary American society with the ancient Egyptian society and their primitive ways of burial. The essay would talk about how the ancient Egyptians would preserve the dead bodies (mummies). It would also talk about how in modern America and in modern Egypt bodies are buried in the natural form to signify death as a rite of passage. Egyptian rituals of burial and death: Ancient Egyptian society believed in rebirth and this is what reflects in the burial rites that they practiced. For them, death was not the end of life but only an interval. They believed that eternal life could be ensured by leading a pious life and by preserving the bodies of those that passed away by mummifying them. For the Egyptians, every human body consisted of the ka, the ba, and the akh (name, body and shadow) (Spencer, 1988). The name and shadow were also considered to be living things that had to be sustained and shielded from harm along with the body so as to enjoy eternal life. Bodies that are buried in desert pits are naturally preserved by aridity. Therefore, the poor Egyptians who could not afford a ceremonial burial were usually buried in deserts. Rich people would bury their dead in stone tombs making use of non-natural mummification methods. This involved doing away with the internal organs, followed by covering the body in linen. The body was finally buried in a stone tomb in a wooden coffin. By the New Kingdom, the ancient Egyptians had mastered the art of mummifying dead bodies. The best method took as many as 70 days and involved removal of the internal organs including the brain which was removed through the nose. The body was then dried out after the application of a mixture of salts called natron. The body was then covered in linen with protecting amulets placed in between layers and placed in an ornamented anthropoid sarcophagus. The original preservation practices declined during the Ptolemaic and Roman eras as greater importance was now given to the outward appearance of the mummy, which was bejeweled. Rich people were buried with a lot of luxury items. Nonetheless, all burials, not considering the social status, included goods for the departed soul. After burial, the family and friends of the dead were expected to occasionally bring foodstuff to the tomb and offer prayers for the departed soul. Egyptians assumed that preserving the body by mummifying it was the only way to have an eternal life. A special constituent of the death and burial ritual was a carved mask, put on the face of the dead. This mask was thought to make the spirit of the mummy stronger and protect the soul from evil spirits on its way to the next world. Egyptians believed in the flimsy state of transition thinking that the dead would have to successfully surpass in their physical and spiritual flight from this world to the next. Burial and Death rituals in American culture: The United States has a loaded history of burial and death rituals and traditions that have merged with the incursion of Evangelical and Catholic customs to form fascinating and at times strange contemporary practices. The present century has observed a number of remarkable changes in death customs of the United States. Some of these changes, perhaps, represent improvements in the long established rituals; others do not. Customs of burial were completely different a century ago than they are at present. Mr. Peterson, a local resident, shared his fathers early life experiences of death rituals with us. While giving details, he told us that his father grew up in a countryside area of south-central Kentucky. When an old lady in his neighborhood died, female members from his family went to her cottage, bathe the dead woman and made her wear the best dress from her wardrobe. The next day a wooden coffin was brought and was loaded in the rear of a wagon drawn by a mule and towed to a small graveyard a few miles away. The members of her family had a small gathering near her grave and stayed there for a brief service. Routine work was resumed quickly. Another local interviewee, while talking about his own experiences, told us that his grandfather died when he was only nine year old (five decades ago). They transported the dead body to their old family home for a family gathering. He recalled that there was already a small funeral parlor in the close by city by that time. His grandfathers body was placed in one of the bigger rooms. The adult of the family stayed up late talking of the past and about the good deeds of the dead man. The body was buried in the little graveyard the following day. The death culture of the United States has changed significantly over the last few decades and even at present a variation can be seen in these practices in different localities of the country. In southern America, burials and funerals, predominantly, continue to be extremely sanctified events. Residents of southern America still give way to the passing burial procession and pull to the side of the streets. Things are fundamentally different in the Western part of the country. A funeral, according to an interviewee belonging to the West, takes a completely worldly atmosphere. He, while giving details of his personal experience, recalled that he had attended many funerals where there was no insinuation of the spiritual or religious words, no talking about of God, no interpretation from the Bible, no sacrosanct signs, and no holy hymns. A number of funeral processions even took on an almost celebratory atmosphere. Another interviewee talked about the playing of popular music in the burial and funeral processions of the Western America. Residents of the West are also seen as too busy to be attending these services. They have a very casual attitude towards these services. A few interviewees also mentioned about attending some funeral services in with even fewer than a dozen people came for the service. The present Burial and funeral practices of the United States correspond to the emotional, economical and symbolic facets of their lives (Spencer, 1988). A few people, with respect to the economic explanations, affirms that funeral practices of America indicate the nature of materialism and capitalism. Others, however, believe that these Death customs symbolize the core beliefs of the social system; that life is sacred. Almost all the funeral services in America are characterized by a relaxed and normal public show of the dead body on his last day before burial. The main rationale behind this is that people want to show an acceptance of the verity that dead bodies will decay with passing time and that no one is making an attempt to spell out that they have been nauseated with this (British Humanist Association website, 2003). Dead bodies On the other hand, are represented as simple as possible so as to display that no manipulation has been done as normally carried out by capitalist systems. American Fascination of Egyptian Mummies and modern Egyptian burial practices The culture of ancient Egypt and the mummification of their dead bodies have been a source of great inscrutability and attraction to the people of United States. The Egyptian belief that mummies and their spirits are capable of flying out of the burial place and come back to it is also a bit terrifying to a number of Americans. Although the burial and funeral practices of the Egyptians and Americans were extremely different in the ancient times, Egyptian culture has drastically changed with passing time. They have given up the mummification of the dead bodies and burial of Gold and other worldly things with the dead. The most prevailing religion in Modern Egypt is Islam so their current burial and funeral practices are completely in accordance with the teachings of their religion (Andrews, 1994). When a Muslim Egyptian is close to death, the family members are called upon to console, and remind him/her of Gods compassion and amnesty. Verses from the Quran may also be recited by some encouraging the dying soul to recite words of commemoration and prayer. When the person is dead, the family members are encouraged to stay peaceful, pray for the deceased, and start arrangements for funeral. The eyes of the departed should be closed, and the dead body is temporarily covered with a clean sheet. Egyptian Muslims try hard to bury the dead body as early as possible. The family members, relatives or other members of the society, in preparation for funeral, will bathe and shroud the dead body. The body is then carried to the place of the funeral prayers. These last prayers are usually held in the open air. All the people gather there, and the prayer leader (imam) stands at the front of the dead body. After the final prayers, the dead body is transported to the graveyard for burial. Although funeral prayers are attended by all members of the community, only the male members go with the dead body to the graveyard (Faure, 1991). The dead body is peacefully laid in the grave facing the holy city of Mecca. Putting flowers or other momentos is strictly discouraged by the Islamic teachings. Now that we have read about the modern Egyptian burial and funeral practices more closely, we can see that it is very similar to the modern American burial rituals. Conclusion Rituals regarding burial and funeral cremation represent the beliefs, holy cosmology and rational growth of people and their customs. Today, the average individual is likely to disregard studying or exploring about traditions of burials and funerals. The reason behind this is that the present world is more about young life and life with an entrenched apprehension of death buried in one side of the mind. Death is an inescapable part of living. Archaeologists search and investigate the history of ancient civilizations by discovering burial and funeral practices that different cultures have left behind. These findings disclose more and more about the way societies have lived and from where our current cosmology around the world has come from.

Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date Rape

Date rape is not a rare incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go unreported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their â€Å"friend† raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they let themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in either being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it hard to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships often work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that â€Å"it’s not really that bad,† or that â€Å"it doesn’t happen all the time.† (Hicks 18) Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking back on their sexual experiences, will respond affirmatively when asked the question â€Å"Have you ever had sex with a man when you didn’t want to, because he used physical force against you?† but at the same time offer a firm â€Å"no† when asked â€Å"Have you ever been raped?† (Bender 10-11) While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or treatment for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can be even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been drawn to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date rape has existed for as long as recorded history. In fact a date rape is described in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13: 1-15) committed by Amnon, son of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been drawn ... ...sion. Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in junior highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a possible negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169) Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their â€Å"perfect† child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these attitudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate young people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically. Works Cited Bender, David Date Rape San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2008 Hicks, John Dating Violence Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2007 Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2012 Mufson, Susan Straight Talk About Date Rape New York: Facts On File, 2009 Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2008 Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012 Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York: Harper & Row, 1994 Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape Essays -- The Tragedy of Date Rape Date rape is not a rare incident. Surveys indicate that in 84% of rape cases, the victim knows the attacker, and 57% of rapes occur on dates (Warshaw 11). However, what is even more surprising than these high statistics is that most incidents of date rape go unreported. Several theories exist that try to explain this phenomenon. For example, many women may refuse to believe that their â€Å"friend† raped them. In fact, they could eventually convince themselves that it never happened. Additionally, there is confusion following the attack in which memory and emotions become mixed up. When alcohol or drugs are involved, the women may have no memory of the attack whatsoever. Even if the victim does remember the attack, they could be left with a sense that they let themselves be taken advantage of. In cases such as this, the victim may blame them self instead of the attacker. The shame involved in either being battered by or hurting someone we care for makes it hard to tell anyone, even those closest to us. People in abusive relationships often work hard at making it seem as if nothing is wrong. They try to convince themselves and others that â€Å"it’s not really that bad,† or that â€Å"it doesn’t happen all the time.† (Hicks 18) Additionally, societal perceptions dictate that a woman should know how to set limits, and that they are responsible for their own actions. Many women, thinking back on their sexual experiences, will respond affirmatively when asked the question â€Å"Have you ever had sex with a man when you didn’t want to, because he used physical force against you?† but at the same time offer a firm â€Å"no† when asked â€Å"Have you ever been raped?† (Bender 10-11) While victims of date rape rarely report the crime, the psychological effects are just as bad as if a stranger raped them. Since fewer women seek counseling or treatment for date rape than for rape by a stranger, the effects can be even more severe. In recent years, public attention has been drawn to the prevalence of date rape through the media and researchers. However, many believe that date rape is still the most widely under-reported crime. (Warshaw 11-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date rape has existed for as long as recorded history. In fact a date rape is described in the Old Testament (2 Sam. 13: 1-15) committed by Amnon, son of Kind David. Despite its long history, public awareness and attention has not been drawn ... ...sion. Educators choose to ignore the reality that acquaintance rape happens in junior highs, senior highs, and colleges across the country. Moreover, some school officials find it easier to punt the problem back to uninformed parents rather than risk calling attention to a possible negative situation in their own institutions. (Warshaw 169) Often, parents are reluctant to consider that their â€Å"perfect† child could commit date rape or could put themself in a position to be date raped. However, if these attitudes are changed and teachers and parents begin to educate young people about date rape, the prevalence of date rape will begin to drop drastically. Works Cited Bender, David Date Rape San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2008 Hicks, John Dating Violence Brookfield: Millbrook Press, 2007 Lindquist, Scott The Date Rape Prevention Book Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2012 Mufson, Susan Straight Talk About Date Rape New York: Facts On File, 2009 Parrot, Andrea Date Rape & Acquaintance Rape New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2008 Thornhill, Randy. The History of Rape. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012 Warshaw, Robin. I Never Called It Rape New York: Harper & Row, 1994

Protecting your patients from harm Essay

1: Protecting your patients from harm and abuse Knowledge and Skills Framework core dimension Performance criteria (adapted from the Skills for Health database1) Recognising signs of risk 1. Look for factors that may lead to patients, staff and others, including yourself, being in danger of harm and abuse. 2. Look for signs that patients, staff and others, including yourself, may be in danger of harm or abuse or have been harmed or abused. This would include recognising and dealing with early signs of violent or aggressive behaviour. Health, safety and security 3. Find out what your employer says you should do if you suspect that someone is in danger or has been harmed or abused. 4. Make sure you know what to do when you suspect, or have been told, that a patient or member of staff is in danger of harm or abuse. 5. Identify the factors which allow abusive behaviour to happen and discuss these with colleagues and managers. 6. Consider your own behaviour and actions to make sure that they do not contribute to situations, actions and behaviour that can be dangerous, harmful or abusive. 7. Watch people’s behaviour, actions and situations to make sure that everyone in your workplace (including  any child and young person) is safe from danger, harm and abuse. 8. Identify possible sources and signs of danger, harm and abuse. 9. Recognise and deal  with early signs of violent or aggressive behaviour. Knowing what action to take 10. Work with patients, staff and others to identify and raise concerns about practices that: may lead to danger, harm or abuse of patients, staff and others, including yourself and are dangerous, harmful and abusive. 11. Report suspected or known danger, harm and abuse to the appropriate people. †¢ Avoid actions and statements that could affect how evidence can be used in future investigations and court proceedings. Keep to confidentiality agreements. Keep to your organisation’s policies. 12. Develop relationships with patients and family carers so that they feel able to raise concerns about possible and actual danger, harm and abuse to themselves and others. 13. Work with patients in a way that respects their dignity, privacy and rights. 14. Make sure you are honest with patients about your responsibility to pass on information about potential and actual danger, harm and abuse. 15. Take appropriate action when you see behaviour, actions and situations that might lead to danger, harm and abuse to people (including any children and young people) in your workplace. 16. Object to and raise concerns with appropriate people and organisations about practice or policies which may lead to danger, harm and abuse. 17. Work sensitively with patients and family carers, telling them who to report incidents of danger, harm and abuse to and how to report it. 18. Make sure patients and their carers know that you will listen to their reports and deal with them seriously. 19. Take immediate action if patients have been harmed or abused or are at risk of this. Protecting and recording evidence of harm and abuse 20. Report sources and signs of danger, harm and abuse to the appropriate person.  Avoid actions and statements that could affect how evidence can be used in future investigations and court proceedings. Keep to confidentiality agreements. Keep to your organisation’s policies. 21. Report any unusual or major changes in your patient’s health, cleanliness, physical care, actions and behaviour. 22. Use all available information to assess the concerns raised. 23. Avoid acting in a way or making statements that could affect how evidence can be used in future investigations and court. Support others to do the same. 24. Discuss any concerns with the appropriate people within the confidentiality agreements and your organisation’s policies. 25. Contribute to your organisation’s procedures and work within them for dealing with suspected harm and  abuse. 26. Accurately record and report suspected danger, harm and abuse. Include times, dates and explanations of incidents Avoid acting in a way or making statements that could affect how evidence can be used in future investigations and court proceedings. Keep to confidentiality agreements. Keep to your organisation’s policies.

Sacrifice as a proof for emotions Essays

Sacrifice as a proof for emotions Essays Sacrifice as a proof for emotions Essay Sacrifice as a proof for emotions Essay 1. Making sacrifices  The author looks at this theme from several viewpoints: to what extent are we ready to give to protect the ones we love, the difference between sexes (women seemingly being less selfish), also at sacrifice as a proof for emotions. Also, the play focuses on often very relative differences between sacrifice and duty.  2. Independence and freedom  The play manifests necessity of independence in life as well as in any relationship. Before everything else, we are human beings, not somebody elses spouses, children or dolls. Before duties and responsibilities that we have for others we have responsibilities to ourselves. Ibsen analyses the difference between the view that the individual has of himself and what his fellow humans opinions of him are, asserting that it is more important to gain self-respect than to suffice with fulfilling others expectations that may be in conflict with ones own. 3. (im)possibility to love truly  This is one of the problems of the modern life that are focused on in The Dolls House. The characters of this play marry (form relationships) because of money, or to feel useful, or just because they feel like they have to. Relationships that are commonly approached the most important in life, form between strangers, and it is unlikely to love somebody who is actually a stranger. What should be love reveals to be a game of doll and the doll master (Nora and Torvald) or a compensation of past failures (Christine and Krogstad). This problem is strongly linked to another theme in this work- 4. Alienation and loneliness  This is another modern calamity. Each of Ibsens characters is in some way or another detached from others and does not see the real meaning of his or her life. As it is shown at the end, Helmers only considered their marriage a proof that they have a goal in their lives; Krogstads and Christines unification was a desperate step, hoping that two unhappy, unsuccessful people will do better together. Nora, the central character, has been alienated from her life, even from her true self, for all her lifetime. She has lived like in a trance, accustomed to the role of somebody elses inferior. 5. Greediness and the exaggerated importance of money  Even though quite a lot of the problems discussed in the play arise from characters tendency to overestimate the importance of money, valuing that higher than feelings (Torvald, once Krogstad), I consider this only a minor theme. The reader has to re-evaluate his/her own attitudes, though.  6. Marriage  The view upon marriage that Ibsen has in this play is common now but was provocative at the time it was written. Here, marriage is revealed to be full of alienation even when both spouses have supposedly chosen it themselves (theoretically, Nora was not under pressure to marry Torvald). Ibsen stresses that marriage should be based upon equity; Noras sacrifice could not be compensated with the small sums of money that Torvald gave her (actually buying her physical love). A married couple should continue being individuals, not become each others supplements. 7. Human, particularly women, rights  8. Mens tendency to treat women as dolls  Ibsen notes the importance for each person to have the opportunity to explore and expose ones true identity. The play contains a powerful protest against role- playing that is often required and seemingly obligatory in the society. It shows how the individual can actually lose his own self (or never see a need to get to know who he really is and what he really thinks), pursuing the role that he mistakenly recognises as his own identity. Ibsen stresses that before being or becoming anything else, we are all equal human beings. As prejudices about the role that has to be played in family, are commonly afflicting women, and the main character is Nora, the play is more focused on women rights to their own lives, opinions and identities. The play also focuses on the theme of woman being a mans doll, which is itself nothing modern. This has been a common phenomenon, almost a tradition, established with the harems and polygamy before our era, and more than accurately proceeded until nowadays (one of the most popular striptease clubs in Riga is called Dolls). The play does not show the lasting nature of this tradition, but exposes it vividly and horribly enough.  Characters  Nora Helmer  Throughout nearly all the play, Nora demonstrates herself as a naive, a bit silly, inexperienced and obedient wife to her husband Torvald. She can hardly be referred to as a person, for there is nothing personal in her character all she is is what others, her father and Torvald, have made of her. However, during the play, Noras awareness of both herself and the world around her increases. She becomes able to recognise that her relationship with Torvald puts her in a position of a pet or a doll. Nora notes that Torvald, whom she has always assumed to be a good person (and wonderful husband), is actually mean- he is determined to sack Krogstad only because he assumes that Krogstads familiarity towards him might harm his reputation. Noras illusions of her husband and marriage quell completely when she sees Torvalds behaviour after he has read the letter informing of her fraud. Unexpectedly, Nora finds strength in herself to give up the lifestyle that she has been taught to pursue since her very childhood. Her sudden courage lets the reader anticipate other qualities that Nora might possess but has never been able to show. Torvald Helmer  Complete possessiveness over Nora and superior attitude are both observable in every Torvalds action that is linked to his wife. Torvald enjoys having total control, and not only over Nora (he gives Christine directions about knitting). At the same time, Torvald is a superficial, narrow-minded person (Nora rightly assumes that he will not love her when she will have grown old- Torvald can only feel physical attraction). He would not be able to be present at his best friends deathbed because of his dislike of weak, dying people. Torvald is unable to feel overwhelming emotions (perhaps except rage), to give to others. Setting  All the action of the play is set in the Helmers family house, which is situated in the centre of a city. The rooms are tastefully and pleasantly, but not very expensively furnished (Helmers have not been that financially secure). The house is cosy and warm, with a fireplace. The events take place in winter, beginning on Christmas Eve.  Vocabulary  Spendthrift, macaroon, skylark, precarious, imprudent, zealously, unassailable, obstinate, rogue, incubus, prompt, wedlock, heedless, elapse, variegated, tremendous, consternation.  Yet, I noticed some more specific vocabulary- all the names that Torvald has for Nora that reveal the nature of their relationship and Torvalds possessiveness: Both of these works deal with individuals role in society and more specifically, family. In Metamorphosis, Gregor is his familys material supporter, putting off dreams of his own; in A Dolls House, Nora Helmer is her husbands sexual plaything, not allowed to have her own will or identity. Both these characters leave their families. Nora realises that both her and her family members are too involved in a game of dolls and masters to be able to develop as human beings; Gregor, already turned into an insect, sees that his role in family as the sole supporter has actually allowed them to immerse in a state of artificial, prolonged apathy. There is one important difference between the two works- Ibsen has taken a position from which Noras decision at the end of the play seems entirely correct; Kafka, however, looks at the situation not only from Gregors, but from several viewpoints. In Metamorphosis, none of characters is completely wrong or correct because the author would have wanted it; the reader may decide by himself. However, the most significant mutual feature of these works is even more vital and it lies in their point of view, in the sense with which they are written- alienation, separation, inability to integrate oneself not only in the world, but also even in ones family. Both pieces main characters are in disharmony even with themselves. This makes both Metamorphosis and A Dolls House topical and substantial for the society- the main characters are common people going through the most serious and widespread problems of our time. Commentary  The play shows how easy it is to lose oneself in relationship. Others expectations may seem more important than preserving ones own self.  However, the play focuses on a rather extreme situation- in the Helmer family, Torvalds expectations to Nora are more like demands- to obey, to be his little squirrel, his doll. This is what lets us evaluate the whole situation and be quite certain that Torvalds actions are demagogical and harmful to Nora. In the real life, on the other hand, adaptation is a normal part of a lasting relationship, and the demands that are made are often logic. When my mother demands me to clean my room, I obey. I dont say that she hinders my development and oppresses my identity even though cleaning my room is an alternative to something relatively more valuable like writing a story. If I agree to clean my room, it does not make me anybodys doll, because I know about the sacrifices my mother has made or tried to make to bring me up and is still maki ng. But there are more difficult situations in life. For example- my father has four children and I am the eldest. I would like to try and find some interesting occupation connected with art or literature (both are my hobbies, and I have had enough success to keep going and see some perspectives for myself). Then again- these are not jobs that let one earn much, and I have good marks in nearly any subject. I am not sure of what will become of the other children. Further, my younger half-brother is invalid, some disease that I had, too, but in my case, the doctors did notice. With my brother, it was too late, and some parts of his brain had been damaged. Now, he is six, but he does not talk and has co-ordination problems. And basically, nothing can be done about it here in Latvia. I know he could get better help abroad, but that would cost very much. I feel like I owe him. It was mere chance that I was saved and he was not- sometimes I am not sure if he has any life at all, or that he will have. I have decided to get a proper education and enter a proper high school, and then find an occupation that would perhaps bore me to death, but give me chance to help my brother. And not only him- it might happen that I have a bunch of people to take care of, anything might happen.  But it might end up with them using me (approaching me as a money- making mechanism as Nora was approached as a doll) or feeling like they owe me. And I would partly have to give up my own true identity, too, to an extent, to do this money job. I do not know what I should do and what would be the right choice. But I am quite certain about what I will do. What seems to me uninteresting in this work is that it is so easy to see what the characters should do, to distinguish right from wrong. Of course, at that time the bond of marriage was considered more important, more sacred, than it is now, therefore the play could be received in a more disunited way- that Noras decision was incorrect. However, I dislike that Torvald seems so absolutely wrong (and a bad person besides), while Nora looks unquestionably correct. Ibsen has made everything seem so obvious- he does not remind the reader of motherless children, but focuses on Noras romantic, poetic quest for freedom. It makes the play too one-sided. However, the one-sided view does not deter the reader from paying more attention to another tendency in our society- the willingness with which individuals are ready to give up control over their lives, handing it over not only to their family members like Nora, but also to strangers (for example, reality shows; the excessive amounts of personal information often available to state; sadomasochism). I think that this fear of responsibility points to serious identity problems- so widespread that they have actually become problems of the whole society.

To what extent did Britains motives for pursuing a policy of Appeasing Germany change in the period from January 1933 to September 1938 Essays

To what extent did Britains motives for pursuing a policy of Appeasing Germany change in the period from January 1933 to September 1938Â   Essays To what extent did Britains motives for pursuing a policy of Appeasing Germany change in the period from January 1933 to September 1938Â   Essay To what extent did Britains motives for pursuing a policy of Appeasing Germany change in the period from January 1933 to September 1938Â   Essay Essay Topic: Claim of Policy From the day the Treaty of Versailles was signed in June 1919 there were many in Britain who condoned it for being far too harsh towards an already crushed and downtrodden Germany. They correctly predicted that attempting to completely cripple a proud and empirical nation such as the Germans it would only spur them on to recover speedily in order to wield the power for which they aspired. In truth it was George Clemenceau, the French Prime Minister, who was obsessively advocating an extremely harsh Treaty towards Germany and it has been revealed that Britains David Lloyd George did see the need to rather allow for Germany to be built up again. In fact much of what the French were seeking was carried out and hefty reparations were burdened upon Germany along with large territorial losses.This was because France had suffered the most terribly as a result of the First World War as well as them now enduring the greatest threat from Germany due to their border shar e. So when Hitler rose to power in Germany in the early 1930s and openly violated clauses in the Treaty of Versailles, the British government and public were accepting and understanding of Hitlers actions. Thus began what we now refer to the Appeasing of Hitler and Germany and it continued and intensified throughout the 1930s all the way up to the out brake of war on September 1st 1939. Of course, as the 1930s wore on the exact reasons and intentions for appeasing Germany altered due to developing circumstances and specific considerations for each situation and its timing.The British publics perception that the clauses stated in the Treaty of Versailles were far too harsh, as referred to above, was the primary reason for Appeasing Hitler at first. They accepted that Hitlers actions were not violations but rather necessary measures to deal with his countries issues. Like Britain and nearly all the developed world, Germany had suffered immensely at the hands of the Great Depressions w hich plagued the world following the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. Since arrangements made at Locarno in 1925, Germanys payment of their reparations to France and Britain were being funded by American loans and now with these loans being recalled by the USA administration the German economy plummeted. The sore memories of starvation and bitter poverty, due to the hyper-inflation in 1923 as a result of the re-occupation of the Saar, were embedded on the minds of the German people and they were not going to allow it happen to them again.Hence, when Hitler and Nazism promised a better economic prospect coupled with the re-creation of a powerful country that it once was, he was very popular and soon rose to ultimate power. Britain itself suffering in the Depression understood Germanys plight and was willing to overlook their violations of the Treaty and encouraged trade between the two countries as signified in the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935. However, to si mply say that Britain was willing to allow Hitler build himself up and create a dictatorship in Germany just because it had pity on them, would be foolish. As the German fire heated up and the international cooking pot started to bubble over, Britain were no longer able to merely turn a blind eye and blame on the harshness of the Treaty but rather other factors came to the fore in their Appeasing of Hitler.In the early 1930s, Britain as the figure head of the League of Nations faced contentious situations with both Japan over the Manchuria situation and later Italy over Abyssinia. Both these countries, like Germany, had fascist leanings and Britain run the risk that if they engaged in a war against Germany they would also embroil these other two powerful countries into it. Japan was an important trading partner and Britain still hoped that Italy could be swayed and used as an ally against Germany if they ended up in combat against her. Britain was in no position to fight three major powers which were spread over the face of the globe and war was a threat to her impressive Empire. Britain were keen not to upset Italy and the Hoare-Laval Pact of December 1935 highlights the extent British politicians were willing to go, even to defy the publics opinion and try cut a deal with Mussolini. This was enough of a concern not to take Britain to war as long as the threat were relatively minimal however when Hitler made his first bold move in March 1936 and sent his troops into the demilitarized Rhineland the pressure was turned up.The Rhineland was a wealthy part of Germany that they had forced to demilitarize under the Treaty of Versailles and now in 1936 when Hitler had already violated much of the Treaty of Versailles, by rearming and employing an army bigger than 100,000 men, he also walked his troops into the Rhineland. With retrospect as historians we know that Hitler lacked a strong army, which would have been quickly crushed by the Allies, but Hitler took this o pportunity to temp his luck and test the Allies resolve towards him. We know he stroke lucky and he was left to do what he wanted as Britain claimed that in fact it was rightfully his and as one Foreign office official put it, We cant stop Hitler walking into his own backyard.At the time, Frances political system was in turmoil and it had a caretaker government which meant that even though they had ground troops they could have committed they were not willing to make an advance on their border with Germany without British support. Britain whose power was in their navy and had no ground forces to send in assistance refused to send support stating that Hitlers actions did not deem fighting over. France therefore took no action and as Hitler later revealed had the French merely sent troops to the border he would retreated, as he could ill afford to fight in his weak state.This story of the lack of strong allies for Britain was one of the main catalysts for the policy of Appeasement. Th eir strongest ally during the First World War was the USA who had thereafter become isolationist and took no interest European affairs especially if it entailed them having to send troops and armaments. America had been hard hit during the Great Depression and was going through a process of rejuvenation under its dynamic President Roosevelt and his New Deal and interest in foreign affairs had been lost. Britains other allies in WW1 were Russia who were economically bust having gone the through the turmoil of the Bolshevik Revolution and the consequential Civil War besides for now being at ideological loggerheads with Britain. Now the only people to turn to were the Dominions who besides for being relatively weak were also unreliable to come to Britains aid. This left only France, who British diplomats thought little of as Lord Curzon is reported to have said in 1921, in almost every quarter of the globe..the representatives of France are actively pursuing a policy unfriendly to Brit ish interests. Without being to fight Germany alone, Britain had little choice but to Appease Germany until it was no longer able to.The horrors and tragedy of the First World War were vivid in the memories of nearly all Britons and the thought of another such event sent shivers down their spines. British public opinion was fervently anti war and the wish to Appease Hitler could be felt on the streets of Britain. This was certainly true in the early 1930s however in 1938 post the Munich conference, public opinion swung and 74% of people asked said they would side with communism rather than fascism. Even in 1937 Chamberlain would have not had the publics support for a full out war on Germany so strong were the anti war feelings. After the establishment of the League of Nations in the aftermath of the First World War, British people put a lot more faith in diplomatic solutions and felt that the crises with Germany could be sorted the same way.After all, it was Britains military incapa bility and lack of strength that forced Baldwins and Chamberlains hand in the years 1935 through 1938. By the end of the First World War, Britain had stockpiled an immense amount of weaponry however immediately started to disarm and minimise munitions production. The core reason for this was that it was a huge drain on the budget and through the tough times between the wars when money was scarce the public far preferred to see it spent on domestic matters such as healthcare and housing. Britains cover story for disarming was that it was in line with Wilsons 14 points and that morally it was only correct to also disarm just as they had enforced upon Germany. It was only in 1935 did Britain start to rearm at all and then only seriously under Neville Chamberlain in 1937 to 1939.When faced with the crisiss of the Rhineland and Anchluss although Britain may have been dismayed and un-nerved they were in no position to thwart Hitler using force and hence were trapped into a situation where the only action they could take was to Appease Hitler through diplomacy. Chamberlain himself later admitted that the only achievement of the Munich Conference in September 1938 was to buy Britain another year to rearm. Statistics from the time show us that Germany also rapidly rearmed in that year and that military the Allies together were far superior up to early 1938 and would have speedily defeated the German army. However, at the time they were not convinced about this and only knowing their own military weakness they chose the safer option to not engage in warfare.In the 1920s and most of the 1930s the strong anti war feeling in Britain coupled together the inability to fight meant that Appeasing Germany was always going to be the preferred course of action. Sympathy over the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles was another underlying motive to pursuing the Appeasement of Germany in the period January 1933 through September 1939. These reasons did falter out when Germany beca me persistently more threatening in the late 1930 years and then more specific reasons such as the fear on entangling Japan and Italy into a war as well as the lack of solid allies for Britain meant that war in Europe only erupted in September 1939.

ELL Proficiency Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ELL Proficiency Standards - Essay Example rs (ELs),met many challenges in the long run manage and provide effective instruction for their ELs, often they dont see themselves as language teachers and so they arent sure where to begin with their students. These teachers arent alone, however, and they are facing a challenge shared by teachers across the country. Academic language is crucial for school. While the explicit instructional support that ESL and bilingual teachers provide is essential to English learners academic language development, English learners receive a majority of their instruction from general education and content area teachers who may not have experience teaching academic language development (Katz, 2010). In English, language objectives are lesson objectives that specifically outline the type of language that students attending a curriculum attend and they need it to learn and use in order to accomplish the goals of the lesson (Tomlinson, 2006). Quality language objectives complement the content knowledge and skills identified in content area standards and address the aspects of academic language that will be developed or reinforced during the teaching of grade-level content concepts (Echevarria, 2010). These objectives involve the four language skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing), but they can also include: The language functions related to the topic of the lesson (e.g., justify, hypothesize vocabulary essential to a student being able to fully participate in the lesson (e.g., axis, locate, graph) language learning strategies to aid in comprehension (e.g., questioning, making predictions). Language objectives are directly correlated to content objectives. Once a teacher determines the lesson topic from the appropriate content standards, the teacher will want to begin thinking about the academic language necessary for English learners to complete the tasks that support the content objectives (Short, 2012). This identification of the academic language embedded in the

Gun Control community and police safety vs right to bear arms Research Paper

Gun Control community and police safety vs right to bear arms - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that judging by the current statistics, the United States has the highest level of gun-related violence, which is not only greater than everywhere in Western Europe, but around the World. Police officers receive reports of mass shootings virtually every day, with the latest one being the San Bernardino shooting in California, which left 14 people dead and 21 wounded. According to Shootingtracker.com, the San Bernardino shooting is undeniably the deadliest since the Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting, which took place in December 2012, and left 20 children and 6 adults dead. The website, which defines a mass shooting as an incident where four or more people are shot at the same time, equally reports that the United States has witnessed 1052 mass shootings over a span of 1066 days. The situation in the United States is a sharp contrast to that in Scotland for example, which has a population of 5.3 million people but has made great strides in managing gun-related violence. The state of affairs in Scotland is said to have changed after the Dunblane Primary School shooting in March 1996, which left 16 children and 1 teacher dead. The public outcry that resulted from the 1996 incident prompted the British government to act with speed, and ban the private ownership of automatic weapons and handguns within their mainland. The effected changes similarly gave the authorities more control over the licensing of weapons.